Cuba

📊 Overview

Cuba stands as the world's #159 largest exporter and #153 largest importer, demonstrating emerging market dynamics.

The trade profile reveals a deficit of 2.91 billion, reflecting import dependencies for growth.

The country maintains active trading relationships with 20 major partners, creating a highly diversified trade network.

Monthly trade flows average $418.42M, generating continuous economic activity across logistics, finance, and trade services.

🚢 Export Markets

Export concentration shows China as the dominant market at 34.0%. The top three markets control 52.7% of exports.

Regional patterns reveal globally balanced access. Secondary markets (Cyprus, China, Macao SAR, Canada) provide $146.59M in additional trade.

📦 Import Sources

Cuba relies heavily on Spain for imports (23.6%),creating supply chain concentration risk.

Energy suppliers including United Arab Emirates (34.97M) collectively provide 34.97 million or 0.9% of imports, highlighting the economy's dependence on imported energy resources.

Manufacturing inputs come primarily from China, reflecting deep integration into Asian production networks. China's dominant position at 503.72 million encompasses electronics components, textiles, machinery parts, and consumer goods, creating both efficiency benefits and concentration risks.

The USA provides 366.39 million (9.2%) in imports, concentrated in agricultural products, aircraft, pharmaceuticals, and advanced technology.The top 10 import sources account for 80.6% of total imports, with the remaining 19% distributed among 10 other suppliers.

Regional sourcing patterns reveal diversified global sourcing. European suppliers including Netherlands (389.57M), Germany (186.20M), Italy (175.93M) focus on luxury goods, machinery, and specialized chemicals.

Supply chain resilience strategies increasingly emphasize "China Plus One" approaches, with Indiaemerging as alternative manufacturing bases. The geographic proximity of major suppliers balances efficiency with risk diversification.

📦 Product Composition

🚀 Export Products

Cuba's export economy centers on diversified industrial production, with the leading export being containing tobacco including the weight of every band, wrapper or attachment theretoat $364.18 million, accounting for 34.5% of total exports.

The automotive sector's dominance is evident in the export portfolio, with . This automotive specialization reflects decades of manufacturing excellence, continuous innovation in fuel efficiency and hybrid technology, and established global brand recognition.

The transition to electric and hybrid vehicles is captured in export data, with 0 categories specifically related to alternative propulsion systems, totaling $0.

Beyond automotive, Cuba maintains strong positions in specialized equipment,, and Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, Nickel, Zinc ores and concentrates.

The top 20 export products collectively account for 94.7% of total exports, revealing moderate concentration with room for further diversification.

🛒 Import Products

Import requirements center on made from malt at 334.58 million (8.4%), indicating resource dependency.

Beyond energy, critical imports include made from malt (334.58M, 8.4%), of fowls of the species Gallus domesticu... (323.00M, 8.1%), rice, semi-milled or wholly milled, whet... (179.18M, 4.5%), soya-bean oil and its fractions, other t... (74.30M, 1.9%), wheat and meslin, other than durum wheat... (69.00M, 1.7%).Electronic components and devices total 31.07 million (0.8% of imports), supporting domestic manufacturing and assembly operations. Pharmaceutical products represent 23.58 million (0.6%), reflecting healthcare sector demands.

The import product mix reveals structural characteristics of Cuba's economy: integration into global electronics supply chains, food security dependencies, and sophisticated consumption patterns.

The ratio of raw materials to finished goods in imports (17 : 3among top 20 products) indicates significant value-addition activities domestically. Import substitution potential exists in agriculture sectors through targeted industrial policies and investment.

Product diversification metrics reveal focused product specializationwith implications for economic resilience and growth potential. The technology ladder progression from 14 primary products to 1 high-tech goods indicates the economy's structural transformation and industrial upgrading trajectory.

Value addition opportunities exist in transitioning from raw material exports to processed goods, from components to finished products, and from standard to customized offerings. The product space connectivity, measuring relatedness between current exports and potential new products, suggests need for capability building to enter new product categories.

⚖️ Trade Balance Dynamics

Export-to-import ratio of 0.266 means exports cover 26.6% of import costs.

🔗 Key Relationships

The Cuba-Spain relationship leads at 1.07 billion in bilateral trade.View detailed analysis →

Additional major partnerships include Netherlands (402.50M total trade), USA (366.39M total trade), Germany (254.33M total trade). Regional integration through Asian supply chains facilitates technology transfer, market access, and production efficiency. The diversity of trading relationships—3.82B across top 10 partners—provides resilience against bilateral tensions and regional disruptions.

🏆 Competitive Position

Global rankings position Cuba as the #159 exporter worldwide,in the developing trader category. The country's share of global exports at approximately 0.011%offers opportunities for market share expansion.

Export sophistication, measured by the dominance of primary commodities, indicates potential for value chain upgrading. The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index shows strongest competitiveness in sectors where Cuba's global market share exceeds its overall trade share by factors of 2 or more.

Competitive advantages emerge in sectors where export concentration exceeds import share, particularly incontaining tobacco includ, oxide sinters and other i, Zinc ores and concentrate. The revealed comparative advantage is strongest in product categories representing57.7% of exports. Market positioning against regional competitors shows niche specialization opportunities.

Trade complementarity with major partners suggests deep integration into global supply chains. The export quality ladder, comparing unit values to world averages, indicates competitive pricing strategies.

Competitive dynamics are shaped by factor endowments including cost advantages and resource availability, infrastructure quality, and business environment. The export survival rate, measuring the persistence of export relationships over time, suggests need for relationship strengthening.

Innovation capacity, reflected in the technology content of exports and R&D intensity, determines long-term competitiveness trajectories. The competitive threat from emerging exporters in similar product categories requires continuous upgrading and differentiation strategies to maintain market position. Regional integration through trade agreements provides preferential access to0 markets, creating competitive advantages over non-member competitors.

🎯 Strategic Outlook

The trade profile presents both opportunities and challenges for economic development strategy. Key strengths include strong import capacity enabling technology transfer and consumption growth,diversified market access reducing concentration risk, and competitive positions in essential commodities.

Vulnerabilities include excessive reliance on single export markets. The intersection of these factors creates a complex strategic landscape requiring careful navigation to maximize opportunities while mitigating risks.

Strategic priorities should focus on export promotion and import substitution to enhance trade competitiveness. Opportunities exist in expanding trade with Türkiye, Portugal, United Kingdom, developing new product capabilities in higher technology sectors, and strengthening regional integration through new partnership frameworks.

The digital transformation of trade, including e-commerce, digital services, and blockchain-based trade finance, offers new avenues for market access and efficiency gains. Green trade opportunities in renewable energy, sustainable products, and carbon markets represent growing segments aligned with global sustainability goals.

The evolving global trade environment, characterized by technological disruption, geopolitical realignment, and sustainability imperatives, will fundamentally reshape Cuba's trade prospects. Success requires balanced policies addressing both improving export capacity while ensuring sustainable import financing.

Investment in infrastructure, education, and innovation ecosystems will determine the ability to climb value chains and capture larger shares of global value addition. The resilience agenda, emphasizing supply chain robustness, strategic autonomy in critical sectors, and economic security considerations, must be balanced with efficiency and openness principles.

As global trade patterns continue evolving, Cuba's position as the world's #159 exporter provides a platform for continued growth, requiring adaptive strategies, institutional strengthening, and sustained commitment to competitiveness enhancement in an increasingly complex and interconnected global economy.